![]() Two distinct strategies have been employed to generate muscle activity to test this hypothesis: behavior in humans or animals, and direct stimulation of the motor system. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. The muscle synergy hypothesis has been notoriously difficult to prove or falsify 1. muscles impact the results of muscle synergy. We tested the hypothesis that lowering a load involves different shoulder muscle coordination strategies compared to lifting a load. hypothesis that human reaching movements at different speeds share similar muscle synergies an. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Purpose Lowering a load could be associated with abnormal shoulder and scapular motion. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. Further, we discuss synergies ensuring stability of natural human movements within the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. Copyright of PLoS Computational Biology is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission.These counter-examples to current thinking clearly show how experimenters could adequately control for the constraints described here when designing experiments to test for muscle synergies-but, to the best of our knowledge, this has not yet been done. Download scientific diagram The nervous system does not need to control muscles in groups (muscle synergy hypothesis) to observe low-dimensional EMG. Finally, we show that there are dimensionality-reducing constraints in the isometric production of force in a variety of directions, but that these constraints are more easily controlled for, suggesting new experimental directions. We then show that a modest assumption-that each muscle is independently instructed to resist length change-leads to the result that electromyographic (EMG) synergies will arise without the need to conclude that they are a product of neural coupling among muscles. We first show that the biomechanics of the limb constrains musculotendon length changes to a low-dimensional subspace across all possible movement directions. We use cadaveric experiments and computational models to perform a crucial thought experiment and develop an alternative explanation of how muscle synergies could be observed without the nervous system having controlled muscles in groups. However, this assumption has not been empirically tested. However, the muscle synergy hypothesis has been notoriously difficult to prove or falsify. The muscle synergy hypothesis assumes that individual muscle synergies are independent of each other and voluntarily controllable. The basis vectors of this low-dimensional subspace, termed muscle synergies, are hypothesized to reflect neurally-established functional muscle groupings that simplify body control. Abstract: Muscle coordination studies repeatedly show low-dimensionality of muscle activations for a wide variety of motor tasks.
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